[Invalid] Markup Validation of http://aulas.esec-acf.pt/help.php?module=lesson&file=questiontypes.html

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Content-Type:	text/html
Encoding:	utf-8
Doctype:	XHTML 1.0 Strict
Root Element:	html
Root Namespace:	http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml

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Apache

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(undefined)

Content-Type:

text/html

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utf-8

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XHTML 1.0 Strict

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html

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http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml

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Validation Output: 5 Errors

Line 116, Column 4: document type does not allow element "ol" here; missing one of "object", "ins", "del", "map", "button" start-tag
```
<ol>
```
✉

The mentioned element is not allowed to appear in the context in which you've placed it; the other mentioned elements are the only ones that are both allowed there and can contain the element mentioned. This might mean that you need a containing element, or possibly that you've forgotten to close a previous element.

One possible cause for this message is that you have attempted to put a block-level element (such as "<p>" or "<table>") inside an inline element (such as "<a>", "<span>", or "<font>").
Line 191, Column 93: there is no attribute "target"
```
…www.zend.com/zend/tut/tutorial-delin2.php" target="_blank">regular-expressions 
```
✉

You have used the attribute named above in your document, but the document type you are using does not support that attribute for this element. This error is often caused by incorrect use of the "Strict" document type with a document that uses frames (e.g. you must use the "Transitional" document type to get the "target" attribute), or by using vendor proprietary extensions such as "marginheight" (this is usually fixed by using CSS to achieve the desired effect instead).

This error may also result if the element itself is not supported in the document type you are using, as an undefined element will have no supported attributes; in this case, see the element-undefined error message for further information.

How to fix: check the spelling and case of the element and attribute, (Remember XHTML is all lower-case) and/or check that they are both allowed in the chosen document type, and/or use CSS instead of this attribute. If you received this error when using the <embed> element to incorporate flash media in a Web page, see the FAQ item on valid flash.
Line 335, Column 5: end tag for element "ul" which is not open
```
</ul>
```
✉

The Validator found an end tag for the above element, but that element is not currently open. This is often caused by a leftover end tag from an element that was removed during editing, or by an implicitly closed element (if you have an error related to an element being used where it is not allowed, this is almost certainly the case). In the latter case this error will disappear as soon as you fix the original problem.

If this error occurred in a script section of your document, you should probably read this FAQ entry.
Line 337, Column 6: end tag for "ol" omitted, but OMITTAG NO was specified
```
</div><div class="closewindow">
```
✉

You may have neglected to close an element, or perhaps you meant to "self-close" an element, that is, ending it with "/>" instead of ">".
Line 116, Column 1: start tag was here
```
<ol>
```
Line 337, Column 6: end tag for "p" omitted, but OMITTAG NO was specified
```
</div><div class="closewindow">
```
✉

You may have neglected to close an element, or perhaps you meant to "self-close" an element, that is, ending it with "/>" instead of ">".

Line 114, Column 1: start tag was here

<p>The types of Questions currently supported by the Lesson module are:

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Source Listing

Below is the source input I used for this validation:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" dir="ltr" lang="pt" xml:lang="pt">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://aulas.esec-acf.pt/theme/standard/styles.php" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://aulas.esec-acf.pt/theme/formal_white/styles.php" />
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<![endif]-->
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="http://aulas.esec-acf.pt/theme/standard/styles_ie6.css" />
<![endif]-->
<meta name="keywords" content="moodle, Ajuda " />
<title>Ajuda</title>
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://aulas.esec-acf.pt/theme/formal_white/favicon.ico" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://aulas.esec-acf.pt/lib/javascript-static.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="http://aulas.esec-acf.pt/lib/javascript-mod.php"></script>
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<script type="text/javascript" src="http://aulas.esec-acf.pt/lib/ufo.js"></script>
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</head>
<body class=" course-1 notloggedin dir-ltr lang-pt_utf8" id="help">
<div id="page">
<div id="content"><div class="box generalbox generalboxcontent"><h1>Question Types</h1>
<p>The types of Questions currently supported by the Lesson module are:
<ol>
<li><p><b>Multichoice</b> This is the default question type. Multichoice questions
are popular questions where the student is asked to choose one answer from a
set of alternatives. The correct answer takes the student further into the
lesson, the wrong answers do not. The wrong answers are sometimes called the
"distractors" and the utility of these questions often rely more
on the quality of the distractors than either the questions themselves or their
correct answers.</p>
<p> Each answer can optionally have a response. If no response is
entered for an answer then the default response "That's the Correct
Answer" or "That's the Wrong Answer" is shown to the student. </p>
<p>It is possible to have more than one correct answer to a multichoice question.
The different correct answers may give the student different responses and
jump to different (forward) pages in the lesson but
do not vary in their grades, (that is, some answers are <b>not</b> more correct
than others, at least in terms of grade.) It is possible for all the answers
to be correct and they might take the student to different (forward) parts of
the lesson depending on which one is chosen.</p>
<p>There is variant of Multichoice questions called <b>"Multichoice
Multianswer"</b> questions. These require the student to select all the
correct answers from the set of answers. The question may or may not tell
the student how many correct answers there are. For example "Which of the
following were US Presidents?" does not, while "Select the two US
presidents from the following list." does. The actual number of correct
answers can be from <b>one</b> up to the number of choices. (A Multichoice
Multianswer question with one correct answer <b>is</b> different from a
Multichoice question as the former allows the student the possibility of
choosing more than one answer while the latter does not.)</p>
<p>Again the correct answers are flagged using forward jumps, the wrong answers
by same page or backward jumps. When there is more than one correct answer
the jumps should all go to the same page, similarly with the wrong answers.
If that is <b>not</b> the case a warning is given on the teacher's view of
the lesson. The correct response, if required, should be given on the first
correct answer and the wrong response, if required, should be on the first
wrong answer. Responses on the other answers are ignored (without warning). </p></li>
<li><p><b>Short Answer</b> </p>
<p>The student is prompted for a short piece of text.
This is checked against one or more answers. Answers can be either correct
or wrong. Each answer can optionally have a response. If no response is
entered for an answer then the default response "That's the Correct
Answer" or "That's the Wrong Answer" is shown to the student.
If the text entered does not match any of the answers the question is wrong
and the student is shown the default wrong response.</p>
<p><strong>There are two different comparison systems</strong> available for the
Short Answer type of question: the simple system is used by default; the
"Regular Expressions" system is used if the "Use Regular
Expressions" option box is checked. </p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Simple analysis</strong>
<p>In this (default) system of analysis, the comparisons ignore the case of the text. The
asterisk (*) character can be used in answers as a "wild card"
character. It stands for any number of characters (including no characters
at all). For example, the answer "Long*" will match
"longer", "longest" and "long". If one of
the answers is just "*" (a single *) this answer will match
anything, it is normally used as the last "catch-all" answer. The
matching process goes through the answers in the order they appear on the
screen. Once a match is found the process stops and the corresponding
result (and response, if present) is returned. So, if for example the
answers are Longest, Long* and * (in that order), the input
"longer" will match the second answer and, in this case, the
third answer, although a match, is ignored.</p>
<p> If an asterisk (*) is actually needed in an answer, it should be entered as
\*, backslash asterisk.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Regular Expressions analysis</strong>
<p>This system gives you access to a more powerful but more complicated system for
analysing the student's answers. For a complete introduction to Regular Expressions,
see these sites <a href="http://www.zend.com/zend/tut/tutorial-delin2.php" target="_blank">regular-expressions
tutorial</a> or <a href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/joseph.rezeau/eao/developpement/expandRegexpToString.htm#"
target="_blank">rezeau.org</a>. </p>
<h3>Correct answer matching a regular expression pattern </h3>
<p>It is not possible to give complete examples of the vast possibilities offered
by this system, and the following are just some possibilities. </p>
<p><strong>Example 1.</strong> Suppose your question is "What are the colors
of the French flag?". In the Answer 1 frame you type this regular
expression: "<span class="c_computeroutput">it’s blue, white(,| and)
red</span>/i". This will match any of those four student answers:</p>
<ul>
<li>it’s blue, white, red</li>
<li>it’s blue, white and red</li>
<li>It’s blue, white, red</li>
<li>It’s blue, white and red </li>
</ul>
<p>Please note that by default a regular expression match is case sensitive; to
make the match case insensitive you must add the <strong>/i</strong> parameter
right at the end of your expression.</p>
<p><strong>Example 2</strong>. Question: "What is blue, or red, or yellow?".
Answer: "(|it's )a colou?r". This will match:</p>
<ul>
<li>a colour</li>
<li> a color</li>
<li>it's a colour</li>
<li>it's a color</li>
</ul>
<p>Notes.- The beginning of this regular expression "(|it's )" will
match either nothing or "it's " (i.e. "it's" followed by
a space). The ? (question-mark) means: preceding character zero or one time;
it is used here to match British English as well as US spelling.</p>
<p><strong>Example 3.</strong> Question: "Name an animal whose name is made
of 3 letters and the middle letter is the vowel <em>a</em>". Anwer:
"[bcr]at". This will match: bat, cat and rat. </p>
<h3>Detecting missing required words or character strings</h3>
<p>Regular expressions alone cannot detect absent character strings, so you have to
add a little code in your Answer to take care of this. Any Teacher Answer which
begins with a double hyphen will analyse the student’s answer to find out
whether the following string is present or absent. If present, the analysis
continues to the next question; if absent, the analysis stops and the relevant
Response message is displayed.</p>
<p><strong>Example 4. </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Answer 2: <span class="c_computeroutput">--.*blue.*</span>/i</li>
<li>student answer: "it's red and white" </li>
<li>Response 2: <span class="c_computeroutput">The color of the sky is missing!</span></li>
<li>Jump 2: <span class="c_computeroutput">this page</span></li>
</ul>
<p>Here, the . (dot) stands for “any character” and the * (asterisk)
means “preceding special character repeated any number of times”.
The Answer2 regular expression above means: check whether the character string
"blue", preceded with anything and followed by anything is absent
from the student's answer. Please note that the use of the asterisk is different
in the Simple analysis system and in the Regular Expressions system.</p>
<p><strong>Example 5.</strong> Question: "Name an animal whose name is made of
3 letters and the middle letter is the vowel <em>a</em>". Teacher Answer: "--[b|c|r]". Response: "Your answer should start with one of these letters: b, c or r" </p>
<h3>Detecting unwanted (incorrect) words or character strings</h3>
<p>You may want to detect, in the student's answer, the presence of one or several
words which should be <strong>not</strong> be there (because they are wrong) and
to single them out with a specific response. Just start your teacher Answer by a
double plus sign (++). </p>
<p><strong>Example 6. </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Answer 3: ++(yellow|black|orange|green|black|pink)/i</li>
<li>student answer: "it's blue, orange and white" </li>
<li>Response 3: One or more colors are wrong!</li>
<li>Jump 3: this page</li></ul>
<p>If any of these (wrong) colors is detected in the student’s answer,
then the negative feedback message (Response 3) will be displayed and the
wrong strings will be colored red (or the color of the .incorrect class if
it exists in a CSS stylesheet of your active theme).</p>
<p><strong>Example 7</strong>. Question: "Name an animal whose name is made
of 3 letters and the middle letter is the vowel <em>a</em>". Teacher
Answer: "++hat". Response: "You might wear one made of an
animal's skin, but a hat can't be considered as an animal." </p>
<h3>Escaping special characters </h3>
<p>If you need to use characters which are part of the regular expressions set
of <em>special characters</em>, you need to "escape" them (i.e. precede
them with a backslash). E.g. if you want to accept the answer "My computer
cost 1000$", you must write the regular expression as "My computer cost
1000\$". The special characters which must be escaped are .^$*()[]+?|</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><b>True/False</b> The answer to this type of question only has two options,
true or false. The student is prompted to choose which is the correct
option. This type of question is basically a Multichoice question with just
two choices.</p></li>
<li><p><b>Matching</b> These are quite powerful and flexible questions. They
consist of a list of names or statements which must be correctly matched
against other list of names or statements. For example "Match the
Capital with the Country" with the two lists Japan, Canada, Italy and
Tokyo, Ottawa, Rome. It is possible to have repeated entries in one of the
lists but care should be taken to make the repeats identical. For example
"Identify the type of these creatures" with the lists Sparrow,
Cow, Ant, Dog and Bird, Animal, Insect, Animal. </p>
<p>When creating this type of question the items for the first list go into the
Answer boxes and items for the second list go into the Response boxes. Once
created a more sensible labeling scheme is shown. When the student
successfully matches the items the jump on the first answer is used. An
unsuccessful answer jumps to the page on the second answer. The question does
<b>not</b> support custom responses, the student is told how many matches
are correct or if all the matches are correct.</p>
<p>Unlike the Multichoice question where the choices are shown in a random
order, the first list of items is <b>not</b> shuffled but shown in the same
order as entered. This allows for <b>"Ordered"</b> questions to be
constructed. Consider the question " Put the following into the order
they were born, the earliest first" with the lists 1., 2., 3., 4. and
Longfellow, Lawrence, Lowell, Larkin. The second list is shuffed before
being used in the question, of course.</p></li>
<li><p><b>Numerical</b> This type of question requires a number as the answer.
In it's simplest form it requires just one answer to be specified. For
example "What is 2 plus 2?" with the answer 4 given a forward
jump. However, it is better to specify a range because the internal rounding
of numerical values can make single numeric comparisons rather hit or miss.
Thus, if the question were "What is 10 divided by 3" it would be
necessary to give the answer as <b>"Minimum:Maximum"</b>, that
is <b>two</b> values separated by a colon (:). Thus if 3.33:3.34 is given as the
acceptable range for the answer, then the answers 3.33, 3.333, 3.3333...
would all be taken as correct answers. "Wrong" answers would
include 3.3 (less than the minimum) and 3.4 (greater than the maximum).</p>
<p>More than one correct answer is allowed and the answers can be either single
or pair of values. Note that the order in which the answers are tested is
Answer 1, Answer 2... so some care needs to taken if the desired response
is to appear. For example the question "When was Larkin born?"
could have the single value of 1922, the exact answer, and the pair of
values 1920:1929, the 20's, as the less exact answer.The order in which
these values should be tested is, obviously, 1922 then 1920:1929. The
first answer might have the response "That's exactly right"
while the other answer's response might be "That's close, you've got
the right decade"</p>
<p>Wrong answers can be given but depending on their actual range, care should
be taken to place them after the correct answers. For example in adding the
wrong answer 3:4 to the "10 divided by 3" question it needs to come
after the correct answer. That is the answers are ordered 3.33:3.34 (the
"correct" answer) then 3:4 (the "wrong" answer, but
not wildly wrong answer!).</p></li>
</ul>
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Markup Validation Service

Errors found while checking this document as XHTML 1.0 Strict!

Validation Output: 5 Errors

Source Listing